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{{Infobox person
| name = Norma Talmadge
| image = Norma Talmadge - Motion Picture Classic, December 1920.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Talmadge in 1920
| birth_name = Norma Marie Talmadge<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia800308.us.archive.org/19/items/PhotoplayMagazineAugust1915/Photoplay0815.pdf|title=Norma Talmadge: Post-Impression of a Girl of the Photoplays Who Has Enacted Every Sort of Female Role, From Childhood to Old Age |author=Arthur Hornblow, Jr.|work=[[Photoplay]]|page=99-102|date=August 1915|accessdate=September 1, 2016}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|5|2|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|12|24|1894|5|26|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Pneumonia]]
| resting_place = [[Hollywood Forever Cemetery]]
| nationality = American
| education = [[Erasmus Hall High School]]
| occupation = Actress, producer
| years_active = 1909–30
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Joseph Schenck]]|1916|1934}}; divorced<br>{{marriage|[[George Jessel (actor)|George Jessel]]|1934|1939}}; divorced<br>{{marriage|Carvel James|1946|1957}}; her death
| relatives = [[Natalie Talmadge]] (sister)<br>[[Constance Talmadge]] (sister)}}

'''Norma Marie Talmadge''' (May 2, 1894 – December 24, 1957) was an American actress and film producer of the [[silent film|silent]] era. A major box office draw for more than a decade, her career reached a peak in the early 1920s, when she ranked among the most popular idols of the American screen.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=181|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref>

A specialist in [[melodrama]], her most famous film was ''[[Smilin' Through (1922 film)|Smilin’ Through]]'' (1922),<ref name="Basinger 2000 149">{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=149|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> but she also scored artistic triumphs teamed with director [[Frank Borzage]] in ''[[Secrets (1924 film)|Secrets]]'' (1924) and ''[[The Lady (1925 film)|The Lady]]'' (1925). Her younger sister [[Constance Talmadge]] was also a movie star. Talmadge married millionaire film producer [[Joseph Schenck]] and they successfully created their own production company. After reaching fame in the film studios on the East Coast, she moved to [[Hollywood]] in 1922.

Talmadge was one of the most elegant and glamorous film stars of the [[roaring twenties]]. However, by the end of the silent film era, her popularity with audiences had waned.<ref name=encyclopedic517>{{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Denise |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895-1930|publisher=Haworth Press|year=2004|page=517|isbn=0-7890-1843-8}}</ref> After her two talkies proved disappointing at the box office, she retired a very wealthy woman.

==Early life==
According to her birth certificate, Talmadge was born on May 2, 1894 in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/~gdegroat/NT/NormaTalmadgeBirthCertificate.jpg |title=Birth Certificate |website=Stanford University|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref> Although it has been widely reported she was born in [[Niagara Falls]], [[New York (state)|New York]], after achieving stardom, she admitted that she and her mother provided the more scenic setting of Niagara Falls to fan magazines to be more romantic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spears|first=Jack|title=Hollywood: the Golden Era: The Golden Era|publisher=A. S. Barnes|year=1971}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} Talmadge was the eldest daughter of Fred Talmadge, an unemployed chronic alcoholic, and Margaret "Peg" Talmadge, a witty and indomitable woman. She had two younger sisters, [[Natalie Talmadge|Natalie]] and [[Constance Talmadge|Constance]], both of whom also became actresses.

The girls' childhoods were marked by poverty. One Christmas morning, Fred Talmadge left the house to buy food and never came back, leaving his wife to raise their three daughters.<ref name="november1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/ssotm/Nov97/|title=Norma Talmadge - Silent Star of November, 1997|last1=Mavromatis|first1=Kally |last2=Pringle |first2=Glen|publisher=csse.monash.edu.au|accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Peg took in laundry, sold cosmetics, taught painting classes, and rented out rooms, raising her daughters in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]].

After telling her mother about a classmate from [[Erasmus Hall High School]] who modeled for popular [[Illustrated Songs|illustrated song]] [[Reversal film|slides]] (which were often shown before the one-reeler in movie theaters so that the audience could sing along), Mrs. Talmadge decided to locate the photographer. She arranged an interview for her daughter, who, after an initial rejection, was hired soon after.<ref>Staff. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70810FE3E5D12718DDDAC0A94DA415B8789F1D3 "NORMA TALMADGE, FILM STAR, DEAD; Noted Actress of the Silent Screen, 1911-30--Made Her Movie Debut at 14 Appeared in Scores of Films Her First Picture Founded Own Concern"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 25, 1957. Accessed August 2, 2009. "At 13, while she was a student at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, Norma found that she could help a little by posing for colored slides that illustrated the songs plugged in the pits of the nickelodeons of 1910."</ref> When they went to the theater to see her debut, Peg resolved to get her into motion pictures.<ref name="november1997" />

==Career==

===Early films===
[[File:Mrs. Beta Breuil.jpg|thumb|Beta Breuil, scenario editor for Vitagraph Studios, in a photograph published in 1912. The autograph is signed "Vitagraphically yours."]]

Norma Talmadge was the eldest of the three daughters and the first pushed by their mother to look for a career as a film actress.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=139|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> Mother and daughter traveled to the [[Vitagraph Studios]] in [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], New York, just a [[streetcar]] ride from her home.<ref name="november1997" /> They managed to get past the studio gates and in to see the casting director, who promptly threw them out. However, scenario editor [[Beta Breuil]], attracted by Talmadge's beauty, arranged a small part for her as a young girl who is kissed under a photographer's cloth in ''The Household Pest'' (1909).<ref name="november1997" />

Thanks to Breuill's continued patronage, between 1911 and 1912, Talmadge played bit parts in over 100 films. She eventually earned a spot in the stock company at $25 per week and got a steady stream of work. Her first role as a contract actress was 1911's ''Neighboring Kingdom'', with comedian [[John Bunny]]. Her first real success came with the first original screen version of ''[[A Tale of Two Cities (1911 film)|A Tale of Two Cities]]'' (1911), a three-hour epic released in weekly one-reel segments, in which she played the small role of Mimi, a seamstress who accompanies Sidney Carton to the guillotine.<ref name=slide>{{Cite book|last=Slide|first=Anthony|title=Silent Players: A Biographical and Autobiographical Study of 100 Silent Film Actors and Actresses|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2002|page=374|isbn=0-8131-2249-X}}</ref> With help from the studio's major star, [[Maurice Costello]], the star of ''A Tale of Two Cities'', Talmadge's acting improved and she continued to play everything from leads to extras, gaining experience and public exposure in a variety of characters—from a [[Mammy archetype|colored mammy]] to a clumsy waitress to a reckless young modern, she began attracting both public and critical notice. By 1913, she was Vitagraph's most promising young actress.<ref name=encyclopedic516 /> That same year, she was assigned to [[Van Dyke Brooke]]'s acting unit, and throughout 1913 and 1914 appeared in more films, frequently with [[Antonio Moreno]] as her leading man.

In 1915, Talmadge got her big break, starring in Vitagraph’s prestigious feature film ''The Battle Cry of Peace'', an anti-German propagandist drama.<ref name=slide /> But ambitious Peg saw that her daughter's potential could carry them further, and got a two-year contract with National Pictures Company for eight features and $400 per week. Talmadge's last film for Vitagraph was ''The Crown Prince's Double''. In the summer of 1915, she left Vitagraph. In the five years she had been with Vitagraph, she made over 250 films.

In August, the Talmadges left for [[California]] where Norma's first role was in ''Captivating Mary Carstairs''. The whole enterprise was a fiasco; the sets and costumes were cheap and the studio itself lacked adequate backing. The film was a flop, and the small new studio shut down after the release of ''Mary Carstairs''. The demise of National Pictures Company left the family stranded in California after only one picture. Deciding it was smarter to aim high, they went to the [[Triangle Film Corporation]], where [[D.W. Griffith]] was supervising productions. On the strength of ''The Battle Cry'', Talmadge got a contract with Griffith's Fine Arts Company. For eight months, she starred in seven features for Triangle, including the comedy ''The Social Secretary'' (1916), a comedy written by [[Anita Loos]] and directed by John Emerson, that gave her an opportunity to disguise her beauty as a girl trying to avoid the unwelcome attentions of her male employers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=143|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref>

===Norma Talmadge Film Corporation===
[[File:Normatalmadge.jpg|thumb|Talmadge in the early 1920s]]
When the contract ran out, the Talmadges returned to New York. At a party, Talmadge met [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and film producer [[Joseph M. Schenck]], a wealthy exhibitor who wanted to produce his own films. Immediately taken by Talmadge both personally and professionally, Schenck proposed marriage and a production studio. Two months later, on October 20, 1916, they were married.<ref name=slide /> Talmadge called her much older husband, "Daddy." He supervised, controlled and nurtured her career in alliance with her mother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=144|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref>

In 1917, the couple formed the Norma Talmadge Film Corporation, which became a lucrative enterprise. Schenck vowed he would make his wife the greatest star of all, and one to be remembered always. The best stories, most opulent costumes, grandest sets, talented casts and distinguished directors, along with spectacular publicity, would be hers. Before long, women around the world wanted to be the romantic Norma Talmadge and flocked to her extravagant movies filmed on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].

Schenck soon had a stable of stars operating in his studio in New York, with the Norma Talmadge Film Corporation making dramas on the ground floor, the Constance Talmadge Film Corporation making sophisticated comedies on the second floor, and the Comic unit with [[Fatty Arbuckle|Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle]] on the top floor, with Natalie Talmadge acting as secretary and taking occasional small roles in her sisters' films. Arbuckle brought in his nephew [[Al St. John]] and vaudeville star [[Buster Keaton]]. When Schenck decided it was financially advantageous to rent Arbuckle to [[Paramount Pictures]] for feature films, Keaton took over the comedy unit and soon married Natalie, bringing him more thoroughly into the Talmadge family fold, at least for a time. {{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Talmadge's first film for her studio, the now [[Lost film|lost]] ''Panthea'', (1917) was directed by [[Allan Dwan]] with assistants [[Erich von Stroheim]] and [[Arthur Rosson]]. The film was a dramatic tour de force for her in a story set in Russia of a woman who sacrifices herself to help her husband. The film was a hit, turning Talmadge into a sensation and established her as a first rate dramatic actress.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=145|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref>

Talmadge’s acting ability improved rapidly during this period. She made between four and six films a year in New York between 1917 and 1921. Under Schenck's personal supervision, other films followed, including ''Poppy'' (1917) in which, she was paired with [[Eugene O'Brien (actor)|Eugene O'Brien]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=146|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> The teaming was such a hit they made ten more films together, including ''The Moth'', and ''The Secret of the Storm Country'', a sequel to ''[[Tess of the Storm Country (1914 film)|Tess of the Storm Country]]'' (1914), starring [[Mary Pickford]].

In 1918, she reteamed with [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]], who directed ''The Safety Curtain'', ''Her Only Way'', ''Forbidden City'', ''The Heart of Wetona'', and 1919's ''The Probation Wife''. These films have small-scale settings and familiar actors appearing from one film to the next. An advantage of the East Coast locale was access to the country's best high fashion designers, such as Madame Francis and [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon|Lucile]]. Between 1919-1920, Talmadge's name appeared on a regular monthly fashion advice column for ''[[Photoplay]]'' magazine; her publicist was [[Beulah Livingstone]]. {{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

===Hollywood films===
Throughout the 1920s, Talmadge continued to triumph in films such as 1920's ''Yes or No'', ''The Branded Woman'', ''Passion Flower'' (1921), ''The Sign on the Door'' (1921). The next year, she had the most popular film of her entire career,<ref name="Basinger 2000 149"/> ''[[Smilin' Through (1922 film)|Smilin' Through]]'' (1922) directed by [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]]. One of the greatest screen romances of the silent film era, it was remade twice, in 1932 with [[Norma Shearer]], and in 1941 with [[Jeanette MacDonald]].

After ''Smilin' Through'', Schenck closed the New York studios and Norma and Constance moved to Hollywood to join Keaton and Natalie. Talmadge's Hollywood films were different from her New York films. Bigger and glossier, they were fewer but more varied, often with period or exotic settings. She teamed with cinematographer Tony Gaudio and some of Hollywood's finest costume designers for a more glamorous image. She also worked with top-flight directors such as [[Frank Lloyd]], [[Clarence Brown]], and [[Frank Borzage]]. With help from films directed by her first husband [[Joseph M. Schenck]], she became one of the highest-paid actresses of the 1920s.<ref name=timemagazine>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868138,00.html|title=Milestones|date=1958-01-06|publisher=''Time''}}</ref>

In 1923, a poll of picture exhibitors named Norma Talmadge the number one box office star. She was earning $10,000 a week, and receiving as many as 3,000 letters weekly from her fans. Her film ''[[Secrets (1924 film)|Secrets]]'' (1924), directed by Frank Borzage, marked the pinnacle of her career, with her giving her best performance and receiving the best reviews.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine|title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=150|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> In 1924, Schenck had moved over to head [[United Artists]], but Talmadge still had a distribution contract with [[First National Pictures|First National]]. She continued to make successful films such as ''The Lady'' (1925) directed by Frank Borzage and the romantic comedy ''[[Kiki (1926 film)|Kiki]]'' (1926) directed by Clarence Brown, remade later by [[Mary Pickford]] as a [[Kiki (1931 film)|sound film in 1931]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine|title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=153|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref>

One of the at least nine theories of the origin of the tradition for celebrities to stamp a hand in Hollywood involves Talmadge. According to it, in 1927, she accidentally stepped into wet concrete in front of [[Grauman's Chinese Theater]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Endres|first1=Stacey|last2=Cushman|first2=Robert|title=Hollywood's Chinese Theatre: The Hand and Footprints of the Stars|date=2009|publisher=Pomegranate Press|isbn=9780938817628|pages=8|url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=mheQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref>

===Decline===
[[File:Norma Talmadge.png|thumb|Norma Talmadge circa 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-constance-talmadge-and-norma-talmadge/|title=The Talmadge Sisters|publisher=/wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu}}</ref>]]
Talmadge's last film for First National was ''[[Camille (1926 feature film)|Camille]]'' (1926),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=156|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> an adaptation of an [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]] novel later remade by [[Greta Garbo]]. During filming, Talmadge fell in love with leading man [[Gilbert Roland]].<ref name="november1997" /> She asked Schenck for a divorce, but he was not ready to grant it. Despite his personal feelings, he was not going to break up a moneymaking team and continued casting Roland in Talmadge's next three films released by United Artists. Talmadge and Schenck separated, though he continued producing her films. He was now president of the prestigious but theater-poor United Artists Corporation, and the rest of Talmadge's films were released for that company. UA’s distribution problems, however, began to erode her popularity. Her first films for this studio, ''[[The Dove (1927 film)|The Dove]]'' (1927) and ''[[The Woman Disputed]]'' (1928), were box-office failures and ended up being her last silent movies.

By the time ''Woman Disputed'' (1928) was released, the [[Sound film|talking film]] revolution had begun, and Talmadge began taking voice lessons in preparation. She worked diligently with voice coaches for over a year so she could make her sound debut. Her first talkie, ''[[New York Nights]]'' (1929), showed that she could speak and act acceptably in talkies.<ref name=silentstars>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=157|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> While her performance was considered to be good, the film was not. Talmadge next took on the role of [[Madame du Barry]] in the 1930 film ''[[Du Barry, Woman of Passion]]''. With incompetent direction and Talmadge's inexperience at a role requiring very demanding vocal acting, the film was a failure, in spite of the elaborate sets by [[William Cameron Menzies]].

On March 29, 1929, at the bungalow of [[Mary Pickford]], [[United Artists]] brought together Talmadge, Pickford, [[Douglas Fairbanks]], [[Charles Chaplin]], [[Gloria Swanson]], [[John Barrymore]], [[Dolores del Río]] and [[D.W. Griffith]] to speak on the radio show ''The Dodge Brothers Hour'' to prove that Griffith could meet the challenge of talking movies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramon|first=David|title=Dolores del Río|publisher=Clío|year=1997|pages= |isbn= 968-6932-35-6}}</ref>

Talmadge's sister Constance sent her a telegram with this advice: "Quit pressing your luck, baby. The critics can't knock those trust funds Mama set up for us".<ref name=silentstars/> As time passed, it became increasingly clear that the public was no longer interested in its old favorites, and Talmadge was seen as an icon of the past. Talmadge had been increasingly bored with filmmaking before the talkie challenge came along, and this setback seems to have discouraged her from further attempts.

She still had two more films left on her United Artists contract. In late 1930, [[Samuel Goldwyn]] announced he had bought the [[film rights]] to [[Zoë Akins]]' comedy play ''The Greeks Had a Word for It'' for her. She reportedly did some stage rehearsals for it in New York; but within a few months, she asked to be released from her contract. She never again appeared on screen. (Goldwyn eventually made the film version of ''The Greeks Had a Word for It'' under the title ''[[The Greeks Had a Word for Them]]'' in 1932.)

==Retirement==
Upon leaving the movie world, Norma Talmadge rid herself of all the duties and responsibilities of stardom. She told eager fans who were pressing her for an autograph as she left a restaurant, "Get away, dears. I don't need you anymore and you don't need me."<ref name=slide /><ref name=encyclopedic516>{{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Denise |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895-1930|publisher=Haworth Press|year=2004|page=516|isbn=0-7890-1843-8}}</ref>

Some time before late 1932, Talmadge decided against marrying Gilbert Roland, as he was eleven years her junior and she feared he would eventually leave her. Mother Peg fell ill in 1931, and died in September 1933. In late 1932, Talmadge began seeing her ex-husband Joseph Schenck's poker friend, comedian [[George Jessel (actor)|George Jessel]]. In April 1934, Schenck, from whom she had been separated for seven years, finally granted Talmadge her divorce, and nine days later, she married Jessel.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basinger|first=Jeanine |title=Silent Stars|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2000|page=1175|isbn=0-8195-6451-6}}</ref> Schenck continued to do what he could for Norma and her sisters, acting as a financial adviser and guiding her business affairs.

Talmadge's last professional works consisted of appearances on Jessel's radio program, which was sagging in the ratings. The program soon ended, and the marriage did not last; the couple divorced in 1939. Schenck's business acumen and her mother's watchful ambition for her daughters had resulted in a huge fortune for Talmadge, and she never wanted for money. Restless since the end of her filmmaking days, Talmadge traveled, often shuttling between her houses, entertaining, and visiting with her sisters. In 1946, she married Dr. Carvel James, a [[Beverly Hills]] physician.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/~gdegroat/NT/video.htm |title=Woman Disputed: Who was Norma Talmadge, and why aren't more of her films available?: Greta de Groat |publisher=Stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-01-15}}</ref>

==Later years and death==

[[File:Talmadge Grave.JPG|thumb|150px|Crypt of Norma Talmadge at Hollywood Forever]]

In her later years, Talmadge, who had never been comfortable with the burdens of public celebrity, became reclusive. Increasingly crippled by painful [[arthritis]]<ref name=encyclopedic517 /> and reported to be dependent on painkilling drugs,<ref name="november1997" /> she moved to the warm climate of [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] for her final years. In 1956, she was voted by her peers as one of the top five female stars of the pre-1925 era, but was too ill to travel to [[Rochester, New York]] to accept her award.

After suffering a series of [[stroke]]s in 1957, Talmadge died of [[pneumonia]] on [[Christmas Eve]] of that year. At the time of her death, her estate was valued at more than [[United States dollars|US$]]1,000,000 (roughly $8,000,000 in 2012).<ref name=timemagazine /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Golden|first=Eve |title=Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars|publisher=McFarland|year=2001|page=174|isbn=0-7864-0834-0}}</ref> She is interred with Constance and Natalie in their own niche in the Abbey of the Psalms in the [[Hollywood Forever Cemetery]].<ref>{{Find a Grave|1015}}</ref>

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Norma Talmadge has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1500 [[Vine Street]].

==In popular culture==
A ''New York Times'' article from March 14, 2010 says that Talmadge "is misremembered, having inspired two unfair caricatures that have lived on in a pair of popular films. In ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]'' (1952), she is parodied as Lina Lamont ... More malignantly, Billy Wilder used Norma Talmadge as the obvious if unacknowledged source of Norma Desmond, the grotesque, predatory silent movie queen of his 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''." However, neither of these identifications is in the mainstream of critical opinion. Nearly all other writers regard both Norma Desmond and Lina Lamont as fictional composite characters, each mirroring some aspects of various faded silent stars but neither of them primarily a disguised portrait of anyone in particular. Lina Lamont bears little resemblance to Talmadge's personality either on or off the screen, and unlike the delusional Desmond, Talmadge was not stuck in the past and had left her stardom behind her with considerable relief.

Talmadge is referenced by name in Woody Allen's film ''Sweet and Lowdown'' (1999), in which the Hattie character, played by Samantha Morton, is cast in a silent film as her younger sister, and described by one character as, "...a dead ringer for May Talmadge."

==Filmography==
{{main|Norma Talmadge filmography}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|first=Ephraim |last=Katz |authorlink=Ephraim Katz |title=The Film Encyclopedia: The Most Comprehensive Encyclopedia of World Cinema in a Single Volume |publisher=Collins |year=2005 |ISBN=0-06-074214-3}}
* {{Cite book|first=Anita |last=Loos |authorlink=Anita Loos |title=The Talmadge Girls: A Memoir |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press]] |year=1978 |ISBN=0-670-69302-2}}
* {{Cite book|first=Jeanine |last=Basinger |authorlink=Jeanine Basinger |title=Silent Stars |publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]] |date=November 1, 2000 |ISBN=0-8195-6451-6}}
* {{Cite book|first=Denise |last=Lowe |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895-1930 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |year=2004 |ISBN=0-7890-1843-8}}
* {{Cite book|first=Anthony |last=Slide |authorlink=Anthony Slide |title=Silent Players: A Biographical and Autobiographical Study of 100 Silent Film Actors and Actresses. |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |date=September 27, 2002 |ISBN=0-8131-2249-X}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0848232}}
*[https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-constance-talmadge-and-norma-talmadge/ Talmadge Sisters] at the Women Film Pioneers Project
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/movies/homevideo/14kehr.html New York Times: "An Independent Woman, Nobly Suffering in Silents"]
*{{Tcmdb name}}
*{{Amg name|69702}}
*[http://www.stanford.edu/~gdegroat/NT/home.htm Norma Talmadge Website]
*[http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=749 Photographs and bibliography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talmadge, Norma}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American silent film actresses]]
[[Category:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Erasmus Hall High School alumni]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Nevada]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jersey City, New Jersey]]

Norma Talmadge - Revision history

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