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| {{Short description|Unique numeric book identifier (introduced 1970)}}
| | #REDIRECT [[wikipedia:ISBN]] |
| {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
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| {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
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| {{Infobox identifier
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| | name = International Standard Book Number
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| | image = EAN-13-ISBN-13.svg
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| | image_caption = A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an [[International Article Number|EAN-13 bar code]]
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| | acronym = ISBN
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| | start_date = {{Start date and age|1970}}
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| | organisation = International ISBN Agency
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| | digits = 13 (formerly 10)
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| | check_digit = Weighted sum
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| | example = 978-3-16-148410-0
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| | website = {{url|https://www.isbn-international.org/|isbn-international.org}}
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| }}
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| The '''International Standard Book Number''' ('''ISBN''') is a numeric commercial [[book]] [[identifier]] that is intended to be unique.
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| Occasionally, publishers erroneously assign an ISBN to more than one title—the first edition of ''[[The Ultimate Alphabet]]'' and ''The Ultimate Alphabet Workbook'' have the same ISBN, 0-8050-0076-3. Conversely, books are published with several ISBNs: A German second-language edition of [[Emil and the Detectives|Emil und die Detektive]]}} has the ISBNs 87-23-90157-8 (Denmark), 0-8219-1069-8 (United States), 91-21-15628-X (Sweden), 0-85048-548-7 (United Kingdom) and 3-12-675495-3 (Germany). In some cases, books sold only as sets share ISBNs. For example, the [[Jack Vance#The Vance Integral Edition|Vance Integral Edition]] used only two ISBNs for 44 books. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.
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| An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an [[e-book]], a [[paperback]] and a [[hardcover]] edition of the same book will each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007.{{efn|name=conversion|Publishers were required to convert existing ISBNs from the 10-digit format to the 13-digit format (in their publication records) by 1 January 2007. For ''existing'' publications, the new 13-digit ISBN would only need to be added if (and when) a publication was reprinted. During the transition period, publishers were recommended to print ''both'' the 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs on the verso of a publication's title page, but they were required to print ''only'' the 13-digit ISBN after 1 January 2007.<ref name="LAC FAQ" />}} The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country.
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| The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit '''Standard Book Numbering''' ('''SBN''') created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 (the 9-digit SBN code can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero digit '0').
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| Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative.
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| Another identifier, the [[International Standard Serial Number]] (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as [[magazine]]s and [[newspaper]]s. The [[International Standard Music Number]] (ISMN) covers [[Sheet music|musical scores]].
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| =={{anchor|SBN}}History==
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| The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit [[code]] numbers to identify books. In 1965, British bookseller and stationers [[WHSmith]] announced plans to implement a standard numbering system for its books.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url= http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history |title=ISBN History |publisher=isbn.org |date=20 April 2014 |access-date= 20 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140420232459/http://www.isbn.org/ISBN_history |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> They hired consultants to work on their behalf, and the system was devised by [[Gordon Foster]], Emeritus Professor of Statistics at [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref name="From Archive.org-4646971">{{cite web |url= http://www.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net/isbn.html |title= International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) System original 1966 report |publisher=informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net |date=1966 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024722/http://www.informaticsdevelopmentinstitute.net/isbn.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead |first= Gordon |last=Foster}}</ref> The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation sought to adapt the British SBN for international use. The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in the United Kingdom by [[David Whitaker (publisher)|David Whitaker]]<ref name="ktieb">{{cite book |title=Manwal ghall-Utenti tal-ISBN |url=http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN-Maltese.pdf |publisher=Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb |edition=6th |language=mt |location=[[Malta]] |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083617/http://ktieb.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Manwal-ghall-Utenti-tal-ISBN |archive-date=17 August 2016 |page=5 |isbn=978-99957-889-4-0 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalpublishers.org/standards-news/318-it-was-an-idea-whose-time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn|title='It was an idea whose time had come.' David Whitaker on the birth of ISBN|last=Charkin|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Charkin|date=17 July 2015|website=[[International Publishers Association]]|language=en-GB|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806111624/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/standards-news/318-it-was-an-idea-whose-time-had-come-david-whitaker-on-the-birth-of-isbn|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (regarded as the "Father of the ISBN")<ref name="niso.org">{{citation |url= http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf |title=Emery Koltay, David Whitaker Named NISO Fellows |journal=Information Standards Quarterly |date=July 1996 |pages=12–13 |volume=8 |number=3 |publisher=National Information Standards Organization |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804153745/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6294/ISQ_vol8_no3_July1996.pdf | archive-date= 4 August 2014 }}</ref> and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay<ref name="ktieb" /> (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency [[R. R. Bowker]]).<ref name="niso.org" /><ref>{{cite web |author=US ISBN Agency |url=http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |title=Bowker.com – Products |publisher=Commerce.bowker.com |access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-date=19 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219215516/http://commerce.bowker.com/standards/home/isbn/about_information_standards.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Gregory |url= http://www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |title=ISBN |publisher=PrintRS |access-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516011735/http%3A//www.printrs.com/isbn.htm |archive-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref>
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| The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the ISO and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.<ref name="history" /><ref name="ktieb" /> The United Kingdom continued to use the nine-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed the International ISBN Agency as the registration authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 [[TC 46/SC 9]]. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.<ref>{{citation |format=PDF |url= https://www.iso.org/standard/6898.html |title= ISO 2108:1978 |publisher=ISO}}</ref>
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| An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". For example, the second edition of ''[[The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories|Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns]]'', published by Hodder in 1965, has {{Nowrap|"SBN 340 01381 8"}}, where "340" indicates the [[Publishing|publisher]], "01381" is the serial number assigned by the publisher, and "8" is the [[check digit]]. By prefixing a zero, this can be converted to {{ISBN|0-340-01381-8}}; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated. Some publishers, such as [[Ballantine Books]], would sometimes use 12-digit SBNs where the last three digits indicated the price of the book;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22SBN+345%22&sin=TXT|title=Internet Archive Search: "SBN 345"|website=archive.org}}</ref> for example, ''Woodstock Handmade Houses'' had a 12-digit Standard Book Number of 345-24223-8-595 (valid SBN: 345-24223-8, {{text|ISBN}}: 0-345-24223-8),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haney|first=Robert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2057258|title=Woodstock handmade houses|date=1974|publisher=Ballantine Books|others=David Ballantine, Jonathan Elliott|isbn=0-345-24223-8|location=New York|oclc=2057258}}</ref> and it cost {{USD|5.95}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Woodstock Handmade Houses|url=https://archive.org/details/woodstockhandmad00robe/page/n3/mode/2up|url-status=live|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=web.archive.org|year=1974|isbn=978-0-345-24223-5|last1=Haney|first1=Robert|last2=Ballantine|first2=David|last3=Elliott|first3=Jonathan|edition=1st|publisher=Ballantine}}</ref>
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| Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits, a format that is compatible with "[[Bookland]]" [[European Article Number]]s, which have 13 digits.<ref name="LAC FAQ">{{cite web | url=http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm | title=Frequently Asked Questions about the new ISBN standard from ISO | author=TC 46/SC 9 | publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] | website=lac-bac.gc.ca | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610160919/http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm | archive-date=10 June 2007 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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| == Overview ==
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| A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an ebook, [[audiobook]], paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book will each have a different ISBN assigned to it. The ISBN is thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and ten digits long if assigned before 2007. An International Standard Book Number consists of four parts (if it is a 10-digit ISBN) or five parts (for a 13-digit ISBN).
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| Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual describes the structure of the 13-digit ISBN, as follows:
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| [[File:ISBN Details.svg|thumb|The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN‑13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN‑13 labeled "EAN" is the [[Bookland]] country code.]]
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| # for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a ''[[GS1]] prefix'': so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1, | |
| # the ''registration group element'' (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory),{{efn|Some books have several codes in the first block: e.g. A. M. Yaglom's ''Correlation Theory...'', published by [[Springer Verlag]], has two ISBNs, {{ISBNT|0-387-96331-6|3-540-96331-6|leadout=and}}. Though Springer's 387 and 540 codes are different for English (0) and German (3); the same item number 96331 produces the same check digit for both (6). Springer uses 431 as the publisher code for Japanese (4), and 4-431-96331-? also has a check digit of 6. Other Springer books in English have publisher code 817, and 0-817-96331-? would also have a check digit of 6. This suggests that special considerations were made for assigning Springer's publisher codes, as random assignments of different publisher codes would not be expected to lead by coincidence to the same check digit every time for the same item number. Finding publisher codes for English and German, say, with this effect would amount to solving a linear equation in modular arithmetic.{{Original research inline|This note may contain original research|date=May 2019}}}}
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| # the ''registrant'' element,
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| # the ''publication element'', and
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| # a ''[[checksum]] character'' or [[check digit]].
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| A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts (''prefix element'', ''registration group'', ''registrant'', ''publication'' and ''check digit''), and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with [[hyphen]]s or spaces. Separating the parts (''registration group'', ''registrant'', ''publication'' and ''check digit'') of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces. Figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. The International ISBN Agency's Manual says: "The ten-digit number is divided into four parts of variable length, which must be separated clearly, by hyphens or spaces", although omission of separators is permitted for internal data processing. If present, hyphens must be correctly placed. The actual definition for hyphenation contains more than 220 different registration group elements with each one broken down into a few to several ranges for the length of the registrant element (more than 1,000 total). The document defining the ranges, listed by agency, is 29 pages.}}
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| == EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading ==
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| Currently the [[barcode]]s on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market [[paperback]] book's front cover) are [[European Article Number|EAN-13]]; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits called an [[EAN-5]] for the [[currency]] and the [[recommended retail price]].<ref>{{Citation |title= Frequently asked questions |publisher=ISBN |place= [[U.S.|US]] |date= 12 March 2014 |url= http://www.isbn-us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-information-frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140416211950/http://www.isbn-us.com/blog/2014/03/12/isbn-information-frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date= 16 April 2014 |df= dmy-all }} — including a detailed description of the EAN-13 format.</ref> For 10-digit ISBNs, the number "978", the [[Bookland]] "country code", is prefixed to the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the EAN-13 formula (modulo 10, 1× and 3× weighting on alternating digits).
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| Partly because of an expected shortage in certain ISBN categories, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) decided to migrate to a 13-digit ISBN (<nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki>). The process began on 1 January 2005 and was planned to conclude on 1 January 2007.<ref>{{Citation |publisher= Collections |contribution-url= http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |type= FAQ |title= ISO TC49SC9 |contribution= ISBN |place= [[Canada|CA]] |access-date= 22 September 2004 |archive-date= 10 April 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070410204507/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isbn.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the 979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the [[Bookland|Musicland]] code for musical scores with an [[ISMN]]. The 10-digit ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an "M" letter; the bar code represents the "M" as a zero, and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All ISMNs are now thirteen digits commencing {{Not a typo|979-0}}; {{Not a typo|979-1}} to {{not a typo|979-9}} will be used by ISBN.
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| Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same in the 978 and 979 ISBNs, likewise, there is no guarantee that language area code numbers will be the same. Moreover, the 10-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as the 13-digit ISBN check digit. Because the GTIN-13 is part of the [[Global Trade Item Number]] (GTIN) system (that includes the GTIN-14, the GTIN-12, and the GTIN-8), the 13-digit ISBN falls within the 14-digit data field range.<ref>{{Citation | title = Standards | contribution-url = http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/transition.asp | contribution = Are You Ready for <nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki>? | publisher = ISBN}}</ref>
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| Barcode format compatibility is maintained, because (aside from the group breaks) the <nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki> barcode format is identical to the EAN barcode format of existing 10-digit ISBNs. So, migration to an EAN-based system allows booksellers the use of a single numbering system for both books and non-book products that is compatible with existing ISBN based data, with only minimal changes to [[information technology]] systems. Hence, many [[bookstore|booksellers]] (e.g., [[Barnes & Noble]]) migrated to EAN barcodes as early as March 2005. Although many American and Canadian booksellers were able to read EAN-13 barcodes before 2005, most general retailers could not read them. The upgrading of the [[Universal Product Code|UPC]] [[barcode system]] to full EAN-13, in 2005, eased migration to the <nowiki>ISBN-13</nowiki> in North America.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] (Amazon Standard Identification Number)
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| * [[Book Item and Component Identifier|BICI]] (Book Item and Component Identifier)
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| * [[CODEN]] (serial publication identifier currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works)
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| * [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] (Digital Object Identifier)
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| * [[English Short Title Catalogue|ESTC]] (English Short Title Catalogue)
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| * [[International Standard Audiovisual Number|ISAN]] (International Standard Audiovisual Number)
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| * [[International Standard Music Number|ISMN]] (International Standard Music Number)
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| * [[International Standard Recording Code|ISRC]] (International Standard Recording Code)
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| * [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] (International Standard Serial Number)
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| * [[International Standard Text Code|ISTC]] (International Standard Text Code)
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| * [[International Standard Musical Work Code|ISWC]] (International Standard Musical Work Code)
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| * [[ISWN]] (International Standard Wine Number)
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| * [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] (Library of Congress Control Number)
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| * [[Lebanese ISBN Agency]]
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| * {{ill|License number (East German books)|de|Lizenznummer}} (Book identification system used between 1951 and 1990 in the former GDR)
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| * [[List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes]]
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| * [[List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes]]
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| * [[List of ISBN identifier groups]]
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| * [[OCLC]] number (Online Computer Library Center number)
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| * [[Registration authority]]
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| * [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier|SICI]] (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)
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| * [[VD 16]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Sixteenth Century")
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| * [[VD 17]] (''Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts'', "Bibliography of Books Printed in the German Speaking Countries of the Seventeenth Century")
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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