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{{refimprove|date=August 2014}}
[[File:PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignage.jpg|thumb|Prototype signage on the [[Boise Greenbelt]] testing for [[rust]], [[paint]]-fastness, durability, etc.]]

[[File:PrototypeBoiseGreenbeltSignageExplanation.jpg|thumb|A sign explaining prototype signage]]
A '''prototype''' is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CENKDZQ347975681&source=Bookmark&u=dclib_main&jsid=63ed7b4b8ba090d7346c2d926005d307|title = Prototype|last = |first = |date = 2015|journal = UXL Encyclopedia of Science|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 13 July 2015|edition = 3rd|editor-first = A. H.|editor-last = Blackwell|editor2-first = E.|editor2-last = Manar}}</ref> It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including [[semantics]], [[design]], [[electronics]], and [[Software prototyping|software programming]]. A prototype is generally used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts and users. Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one.<ref>{{Cite web | title= Prototyping Definition | url= http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1233,t=prototyping&i=49886,00.asp| work= PC Magazine | accessdate=2012-05-03}}</ref> In some design workflow models, creating a prototype (a process sometimes called '''materialization''') is the step between the [[Formal specification|formalization]] and the [[evaluation]] of an idea.<ref name="SoaresRebelo2012">{{cite book|author1=Marcelo M. Soares|author2=Francesco Rebelo|title=Advances in Usability Evaluation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy_QRu-7dKcC&pg=PA482|date=15 August 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-7025-9|page=482}}</ref>

The word ''[[wikt:prototype|prototype]]'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] πρωτότυπον ''prototypon'', "primitive form", neutral of πρωτότυπος ''prototypos'', "original, primitive", from πρῶτος ''protos'', "first" and τύπος ''typos'', "impression".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=prototype&allowed_in_frame=0|title = prototype (n.)|date = |accessdate = |website = Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher = |last = Harper|first = Douglas}}</ref>

==Basic prototype categories==
Prototypes explore different aspects of an intended design:
* A '''Proof-of-Principle Prototype''' serves to verify some key functional aspects of the intended design, but usually does not have all the functionality of the final product.
* A '''Working Prototype''' represents all or nearly all of the functionality of the final product.
* A '''Visual Prototype''' represents the size and appearance, but not the functionality, of the intended design. A '''Form Study Prototype''' is a preliminary type of visual prototype in which the geometric features of a design are emphasized, with less concern for color, texture, or other aspects of the final appearance.
* A '''User Experience Prototype''' represents enough of the appearance and function of the product that it can be used for [[User Research|user research]].
* A '''Functional Prototype''' captures both function and appearance of the intended design, though it may be created with different techniques and even different scale from final design.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Advanced Ceramics: Materials, Applications, Processing, and Properties|last = |first = |publisher = Academic Press|year = 2013|isbn = |location = |pages = 491|editor-last = Somiya|editor-first = Shigeyuki|edition = 2nd|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tdx7lS4fO9wC&pg=PA491&lpg=PA491&dq=form+study+prototype&source=bl&ots=OZl31eFQ7P&sig=Zq7WjZOPAYAbCKNDOHytLlhxuYg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgKahUKEwjjpYv_ydnGAhUGOT4KHUrpAEw#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/engineering-consulting/general-prototypes|title = Prototypes: General Categories|date = |accessdate = 13 July 2015|website = ThomasNet|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>
* A [[paper prototype|'''Paper Prototype''']] is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the user interface of a software product. Such prototypes are commonly used for early testing of a software design, and can be part of a [[software walkthrough]] to confirm design decisions before more costly levels of design effort are expended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cs.brown.edu/courses/uxisp/slides/prototyping.pptx|title=Prototyping|website=Brown University - User Experience, Independent Study Project|accessdate=2015-02-24}}</ref>

==Differences in creating a prototype vs. a final product==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2014}}
In general, the creation of prototypes will differ from creation of the final product in some fundamental ways:

* '''Material''' - The materials that will be used in a final product may be expensive or difficult to fabricate, so prototypes may be made from different materials than the final product. In some cases, the final production materials may still be undergoing development themselves and not yet available for use in a prototype.
* '''Process''' - Mass-production processes are often unsuitable for making a small number of parts, so prototypes may be made using different fabrication processes than the final product. For example, a final product that will be made by plastic injection molding will require expensive custom tooling, so a prototype for this product may be fabricated by machining or stereolithography instead. Differences in fabrication process may lead to differences in the appearance of the prototype as compared to the final product.
* '''Verification -''' The final product may be subject to a number of quality assurance tests to verify conformance with drawings or specifications. These tests may involve custom inspection fixtures, statistical sampling methods, and other techniques appropriate for ongoing production of a large quantity of the final product. Prototypes are generally made with much closer individual inspection and the assumption that some adjustment or rework will be part of the fabrication process. Prototypes may also be exempted from some requirements that will apply to the final product.
Engineers and prototype specialists will attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on the intended role for the prototype. For example, if a visual prototype is not able to use the same materials as the final product, they will attempt to substitute materials with properties that closely simulate the intended final materials.

==Characteristics and limitations of prototypes==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2014}}
[[Image:PL Beskid106 car.jpg|thumb|right|A prototype of the [[Poland|Polish]] economy [[hatchback]] [[car]] [[Beskid (car)|Beskid 106]] designed in the 1980s.]]
Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design.

It is important to realize that by their very definition, prototypes will represent some compromise from the final production design. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably whereas the production design may have been sound. A counter-intuitive idea is that prototypes may actually perform acceptably whereas the production design may be flawed since prototyping materials and processes may occasionally outperform their production counterparts.

In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be substantially greater than the final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials and processes. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and refinement.

It is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. There are pragmatic and practical limitations to the ability of a prototype to match the intended final performance of the product and some allowances and engineering judgement are often required before moving forward with a production design.

Building the full design is often expensive and can be time-consuming, especially when repeated several times—building the full design, figuring out what the problems are and how to solve them, then building another full design. As an alternative, [[rapid prototyping]] or [[rapid application development]] techniques are used for the initial prototypes, which implement part, but not all, of the complete design. This allows designers and manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build the full design.

This [[counter-intuitive]] idea —that the quickest way to build something is, first to build something else— is shared by [[scaffolding]] and [[c2:TelescopeRule|the telescope rule]].

==Engineering sciences==
In technology research, a [[technology demonstrator]] is a prototype serving as [[proof-of-concept]] and demonstration model for a new technology or future product, proving its viability and illustrating conceivable applications.

In large development projects, a [[testbed]] is a platform and prototype development environment for rigorous experimentation and testing of new technologies, components, scientific theories and computational tools.

With recent advances in computer modeling it is becoming practical to eliminate the creation of a physical prototype (except possibly at greatly reduced scales for promotional purposes), instead modeling all aspects of the final product as a [[computer model]]. An example of such a development can be seen in [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], in which the first full sized physical realization is made on the series production line. Computer modeling is now being extensively used in automotive design, both for form (in the [[Automotive design|styling and aerodynamics]] of the vehicle) and in function — especially for improving vehicle [[crashworthiness]] and in weight reduction to improve mileage.

===Mechanical and electrical engineering===

The most common use of the word prototype is a functional, although experimental, version of a non-military machine (e.g., automobiles, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by [[mass production]] means, as opposed to a [[mockup]], which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance.

An electronics designer often builds the first prototype from [[breadboard]] or [[stripboard]] or [[perfboard]], typically using "DIP" packages.

However, more and more often the first functional prototype is built on a "prototype [[Printed circuit board|PCB]]" almost identical to the production PCB, as PCB manufacturing prices fall and as many components are not available in [[Dual in-line package|DIP]] packages, but only available in [[Surface-mount technology|SMT]] packages optimized for placing on a PCB.

Builders of military machines and aviation prefer the terms "experimental" and "service test".

=== Electronics prototyping ===
[[File:Protoboard circuito multivibradores.jpg|thumb|A simple electronic circuit prototype on a breadboard.]]
[[File:Texas Instruments, DLP Cinema Prototype System, Mark V, Paris, 2000 - Philippe Binant Archives.jpg|thumb|Example of prototype in optoelectronics ([[Texas Instruments]], DLP Cinema Prototype System).]]

In [[electronics]], prototyping means building an actual circuit to a theoretical design to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as [[wire wrap]]ping or using [[veroboard]] or [[breadboard]], with the result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product.

Open-source tools like [[Fritzing]] exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as [[Arduino]] also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a [[microcontroller]]. The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using the prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product.

A technician can quickly build a prototype (and make additions and modifications) using these techniques, but for volume production it is much faster and usually cheaper to mass-produce custom [[printed circuit board]]s than to produce these other kinds of prototype boards. The proliferation of quick-turn PCB fabrication and assembly companies has enabled the concepts of rapid prototyping to be applied to electronic circuit design. It is now possible, even with the smallest passive components and largest fine-pitch packages, to have boards fabricated, assembled, and even tested in a matter of days.

==Computer programming/computer science==
{{Main|Software prototyping|Software release cycle}}

In many [[programming language]]s, a ''[[function prototype]]'' is the [[declaration (computer science)|declaration]] of a [[subroutine]] or function (and should not be confused with software prototyping). This term is rather [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]-specific; other terms for this notion are ''signature'', ''type'' and ''interface''. In [[prototype-based programming]] (a form of [[object-oriented programming]]), new objects are produced by cloning existing objects, which are called prototypes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=5.5 Function Prototypes| url= http://h30097.www3.hp.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/V40F_HTML/AQTLTBTE/DOCU_055.HTM| work= HP | accessdate=2012-05-03}}</ref>

The term may also refer to the [[Prototype Javascript Framework]].

Additionally, the term may refer to the [[Prototype pattern|prototype]] design pattern.

Prototype software is often referred to as alpha grade, meaning it is the first version to run. Often only a few functions are implemented, the primary focus of the alpha is to have a functional base code on to which features may be added. Once alpha grade software has most of the required features integrated into it, it becomes beta software for testing of the entire software and to adjust the program to respond correctly during situations unforeseen during development.<ref>{{Cite web | title= Alpha Version Definition | url= http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1233,t=alpha+version&i=37675,00.asp| work= PC Magazine | accessdate=2012-05-03}}</ref>

Often the end users may not be able to provide a complete set of application objectives, detailed input, processing, or output requirements in the initial stage. After the user evaluation, another prototype will be built based on feedback from users, and again the cycle returns to customer evaluation. The cycle starts by listening to the user, followed by building or revising a mock-up, and letting the user test the [[mock-up]], then back. There is now a new generation of tools called [[Application Simulation Software]] which help quickly simulate application before their development.

[[Extreme programming]] uses [[iterative design]] to gradually add one feature at a time to the initial prototype.

Continuous learning approaches within organizations or businesses may also use the concept of business or process prototypes through software models.

=== Data prototyping ===
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2014}}
A ''data prototype'' is a form of ''functional ''or ''working'' prototype. The justification for its creation is usually a [[data migration]], [[data integration]] or application implementation project and the raw materials used as input are an instance of all the relevant data which exists at the start of the project.

The objectives of ''data prototyping'' are to produce:
* A set of data cleansing and transformation rules which have been ''seen'' to produce data which is all fit for purpose.
* A dataset which is the result of those rules being applied to an instance of the relevant raw (source) data.
To achieve this, a data architect uses a graphical interface to interactively develop and execute transformation and cleansing rules using raw data. The resultant data is then evaluated and the rules refined. Beyond the obvious visual checking of the data ''on-screen'' by the data architect, the usual evaluation and validation approaches are to use [[Data profiling]] software and then to insert the resultant data into a test version of the target application and trial its use.

==Scale modeling==
[[File:NACA Ames 7x10 Wind Tunnel - GPN-2000-001822.jpg|thumb|A scale model of an airplane in a wind tunnel for testing.]]
In the field of [[scale model]]ing (which includes [[model railroad]]ing, vehicle modeling, [[Model aircraft#Flying model aircraft|airplane modeling]], military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as the real [[EMD GP38-2]] locomotive—which is the prototype of [[Athearn]]'s (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Technically, any non-living object can serve as a prototype for a model, including structures, equipment, and appliances, and so on, but generally prototypes have come to mean full-size real-world vehicles including automobiles (the prototype 1957 Chevy has spawned many models), military equipment (such as M4 Shermans, a favorite among US Military modelers), railroad equipment, motor trucks, motorcycles, and space-ships (real-world such as Apollo/Saturn Vs, or the ISS).
As of 2014, basic rapid prototype machines (such as [[3D printers]]) cost about $2,000, but larger and more precise machines can cost as much as $500,000.<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/technology-and-science/3d-printing-challenges-opportunities-international-relations/p31709]</ref>

==Metrology==
In the science and practice of [[metrology]], a '''prototype''' is a human-made object that is used as '''''the''''' standard of [[measurement]] of some [[physical quantity]] to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an '''artifact'''. In the [[International System of Units]] ('''SI'''), the only prototype remaining in current use is the [[Kilogram#International prototype kilogram|International Prototype Kilogram]], a solid [[platinum]]-[[iridium]] cylinder kept at the [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]] (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in [[Sèvres]] [[France]] (a suburb of [[Paris]]) that by [[definition]] is the mass of exactly one [[kilogram]]. Copies of this prototype are fashioned and issued to many nations to represent the national standard of the kilogram and are periodically compared to the Paris prototype.

Until 1960, the [[metre|meter]] was defined by a platinum-iridium prototype bar with two scratch marks on it (that were, by definition, spaced apart by one meter), the [[International Prototype Metre]], and in 1983 the meter was redefined to be the distance in [[free space]] covered by [[speed of light|light]] in 1/299,792,458 of a [[second]] (thus ''defining'' the speed of light to be 299,792,458 meters per second).

It is widely believed that the kilogram prototype standard will be replaced. There are two likely replacements. One is a definition of the kilogram that will define another [[physical constant]] (likely either [[Planck's constant]] or the [[elementary charge]]) to a defined numerical value, thus obviating the need for the prototype and removing the possibility of the prototype (and thus the standard and definition of the kilogram) changing very slightly over the years because of loss or gain of atoms. The other definition is using a system that finds the amount of force needed to counteract the pull of earth's gravity on a one kilogram artifact.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/23/worlds-roundest-object-perfect-sphere_n_3804690.html]. HuffingtonPost.com. Huffington Post. Retrieved October 29, 2014.</ref>

==Natural sciences==
In many sciences, from pathology to taxonomy, prototype refers to a disease, species, etc. which sets a good example for the whole category. In Biology, prototype is the ancestral or primitive form of a species or other group; an archetype.<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/prototype prototype]. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 07, 2012.</ref> For example, the [[Senegal bichir]] is regarded as the prototypes of its genus, ''[[Polypterus]]''.

== See also ==
* [[3D printing]]
* [[Rapid prototyping]]
* [[Test article]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Industrial design]]
[[Category:Production and manufacturing]]
[[Category:Prototypes| Prototype]]

Prototype - Revision history

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